Whales Essays - Biota, Baleen Whales, Megafauna, Apex Predators

Whales Blue Whales The Blue whale is the biggest animal of the ocean; truth be told, it's the biggest animal known to man. In opposition to what a great many people think, despite the fact that Blue whales live in the ocean, they are vertebrates. They inhale air, have their infants brought into the world alive, and can live somewhere in the range of 30 to 70 years. The Blue whale is a baleen whale, and as opposed to having teeth, Blue whales have around 300-400 baleen plates in their mouths. Baleen are lines of coarse, bristle-like filaments used to strain microscopic fish from the water. Baleen is made of keratin, a similar material as our fingernails. The Blue whale is known as a ?rorqual?, a Norwegian word for ?wrinkle? alluding to the creased grooves running from its jawline to its maritime. The creased throat grooves permit the Blue whale's throat to extend during the enormous admission of water during channel taking care of; they can ?hold 1,000 tons or a greater amount of food and wa ter when completely extended? (Little 1971). They normal around 50-70 throat grooves. Blue whales grow up to around 80 feet (25m) long all things considered, weighing around 120 tons. The females are commonly bigger than the guys, this is the situation for all baleen whales. ?The biggest example discovered was a female 94 feet (29m) long gauging in excess of 174 tons? (Satchell 1998). The leader of the Blue whale frames up to a fourth of the all out body length. Contrasted and different rorquals, the head is extremely expansive. The blue whale heart is likewise enormous, the size of a little vehicle and can siphon right around 10 tons of blood all through the body. They likewise have a little, falcate (sickle-formed) dorsal balance that is situated close to the accident, or tail. Blue whales have long, slight flippers 8 feet (2.4m) long and accidents that are 25feet (7.6m) wide. The blue whale's skin is generally blue-dim with white-dim spots. The underbelly has earthy colored, yell ow, or dark spots. Throughout the winter, in chilly waters, diatoms adhere to the underbelly, giving it a yellow to silver-to sulfur-hued sheen; giving the blue whale its moniker of ?sulfur bottoms?. Different names incorporate Sibbald's Rorqual and Great Northern Rorqual. Blue whales (like all baleen whales) are occasional feeders and carnivores that channel feed minuscule scavangers (krill, copepods, and so on), microscopic fish, and little fish from the water. Krill, or shrimp-like euphasiids are no longer than 3 inches. Unfortunately the world's biggest creatures feed on the littlest marine life. Blue whales are gulpers, channel feeders that on the other hand swim, at that point swallow a significant piece of tiny fish or fish. ?A normal estimated blue whale will eat 2,000-9,000 pounds (900-4100kg) of tiny fish every day throughout the mid year taking care of season in cool, ice waters (120 days)? (Hasley 1984). The blue whale has twin blowholes with astoundingly huge beefy spla shguards to the front and sides. It has around 320 sets of dark baleen plates with dull dim fibers in the blue whale's jaws. These plates can be 35-39 inches (90cm-1m) long, 21 inches (53cm) wide, and weigh 200 pounds (90kg). The tongue gauges 4 tons. Blue whales live separately or in little units (gatherings). They every now and again swim two by two. At the point when the whale rises to the top of the water, it takes an enormous breath of air. At that point it plunges once again into the water, heading off to a profundity of 350 feet (105m). Jumping is additionally the manner by which whales get a large portion of their food. Whales can remain submerged for as long as two hours without rising to the top for more air. Blue whales breath air at the outside of the water through 2 blowholes situated close to the highest point of the head. ? They inhale around 1-4 times each moment very still, and 5-12 times each moment after a profound plunge? (Hasley 1984) Their blow is a solitary st ream that ascents 40-50 feet (12-15m) over the outside of the water. They are additionally exceptionally quick swimmers; they ordinarily swim 3-20 mph, yet can go up to 24-30mph in blasts when in harm's way. Taking care of velocities are more slow, for the most part around 1-4mph. The whales radiate noisy, profoundly organized, dull low-recurrence sounds that can travel structure numerous miles submerged. They are most likely the most intense creatures alive, stronger than a stream

Johnny Cupcakes Essay

Johnny Cupcakes is a multi-million dollar apparel brand. The brand was established in 2001 by Johnny Earle. One of Johnny’s obtained monikers was Johnny cupcakes. He â€Å"thought it is clever to make a couple arbitrary shirts that said ‘Johnny Cupcakes’ on them for the fun of it† (Earle, 2012). After huge enthusiasm for these shirts, he chose to keep on making more and switch up the structures. In 2001, Johnny expressed, â€Å"the band I was in, On Broken Wings, at long last got marked to a record name and we started to visit full time† (Earle, 2012). This opened up Johnny and his shirts to a bigger horde of clients in various pieces of the nation. This helped the brand’s notoriety and Johnny chose to stop the band and concentrate the entirety of his time, exertion, and consideration on his shirts. Johnny wound up going to public exhibitions in Las Vegas and in the long run â€Å"ended up getting conveyed by shops in Japan, Europe, and Canad a notwithstanding a couple of different US locations† (Earle, 2012). Johnny had a defining moment second at that exact same public exhibition later on that year. He understood individuals didn’t like having indistinguishable things from others and that they delighted in uniqueness. Now Johnny settled on the choice to pull every one of his shirts from retail locations. Earle 2012 expressed that he â€Å"decided to make the entirety of his shirts constrained release and selective, just selling them through his website† and later on in his own retail locations. As the Johnny Cupcakes brand developed, Johnny opened up stores in Hull, MA; Boston, MA; Las Angeles, CA; and London, England. Johnny expresses that â€Å"Above all, I’ll keep on concentrating on upgrading my customers’ encounters through my stores, occasions, site, plans, and bundling. I will never at any point offer my image to financial specialists for all the cash on the planet. I think you’ll find that things will just get all the more fascinating from here †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Earle, 2012). The Johnny Cupcakes brand to some can be portrayed as streetwear. Hundreds, 2011 characterizes streetwear as â€Å"a type of contemporary clothing, joined among sportswear and military looks, and is one that addresses a range of subcultures (skateboarding and hip-bounce mostly).† Some of Johnny Cupcakes significant contenders are additionally streetwear brands, for example, Us Versus Them, Reason, Benny Gold, Situationormal, Flying Coffin, Clot, Diamond, Fuct, Alife, The Hundreds, A Bathing Ape, Supreme, and Rebel8 among others. These organizations not just produce one of a kind plans and garments, they have a fan base, and what some may call a religion following. They speak to something other than a shirt. They separate themselves by their plans, material, restricted release assortments, and the client experience. Johnny Cupcakes top items are his restricted release shirts, yet the organization likewise sells sweatshirts, caps and extras. Something that make JC stand apart is their bundling. The provisions the organization needs and uses are apparel/extra based, yet similarly as significant is their bundling. Johnny Cupcakes utilizes pastry shop style boxes with their cupcake and crossbones logo on it. The organization additionally utilizes exceptionally made tissue paper to envelop the purchased treats with. The tissue paper is likewise set apart with the JC logo. The are two significant outer elements that extraordinarily impact Johnny Cupcakes as an organization and those are the economy and patterns. Since Johnny Cupcakes offers â€Å"luxury† things (those things that buyers don’t need, but instead need), the economy can assume a huge job in their benefits. At the point when difficulties are out of hand, as in a financial downturn, most of individuals watch their cash all the more intently. These individuals may decide to just purchase things due to legitimate need as opposed to binge spend on things they need. Another large obstruction that JC needs to keep steady over is the patterns of their market. Garments styles and structures travel every which way, along these li nes, Johnny Cupcakes needs to remain at the front line of what their objective market loves else they could without much of a stretch become wiped out. One way JC fights these two outer variables is making each shirt restricted version. The constrained version status gives the vibe of selectiveness. Individuals need restrictiveness, yet will pay as much as possible for it. â€Å"Because they’re collectibles and not simply clothing, clients are happy to pay $60 for a Johnny Cupcakes shirtâ€and even substitute line for another discharge like children sitting tight for show tickets† (Spaeder 2007). This eliteness plays off of our societies social classes. Most Americans need to be in a superior social class. Selectiveness is a characteristic that is normal in the most elevated of classes. The constrained version shirts not just sets the gauges for someone’s societal position, yet in addition keeps stock at a low, ensuring the items that are delivered are sold. Having restricted release shirts deletes a significant part of the dangers and fears of the changing patterns of JC’s advertise. Since there are ju st a bunch of the shirts accessible, they are a distant memory before the structure and style gets saturated. Additionally, this permits the organization to be truly adaptable with the evolving market. The two significant inward factors that sway the association are the way they upgrade the client experience and their item bundling. These are two significant variables that help make the Johnny Cupcakes brand. They are a piece of the JC culture and without them, the brand wouldn’t be what it is today. Some portion of the client experience lies in JC’s three retail location areas. â€Å"They’re set up simply like pastry shops, total with glass show racks, workers wearing covers and the smell of vanilla icing in the air† (Spaeder 2001). During huge discharges or setting up end of the week spring up stores, Johnny himself will be there to welcome and talk with everybody of the clients that stroll through his store. This again is a piece of the experience and association he needs his fans to feel when they think about the Johnny Cupcakes brand. Johnny thinks â€Å"nice bundling sets an encounter, a memory, or a protected keeping that is once in a while simil arly as significant as the item itself. I’m a sucker for decent packaging† (Earle, 2012). When directing a SWOT investigation of Johnny Cupcakes, a portion of the company’s qualities, shortcomings, openings, and dangers have just been talked about. JC’s significant qualities are the restrictiveness it represents by selling constrained release shirts and the client experience it gives. One of its significant shortcomings is the way that it just has three retail locations and an online store. If it somehow happened to develop (and being a multi-million dollar business it has the assets to do this) it could arrive at to a greater extent a client base and increment its fan following, yet its deals also. A colossal open door that Johnny Cupcakes has is the way that it has done a few effective coordinated efforts with different organizations including Nickelodeon and Hello Kitty, which extends its client and fan base. Similarly as with all organizations, a danger is rivalry. On the off chance that JC c an remain credible to its crowd, at that point it will beat the opposition. As expressed before, since JC is an extravagance brand, the economy and patterns are another danger. Tuning in to their market will help repress these dangers. One of Johnny Cupcakes greatest assets and resources are its clients. Johnny Cupcakes has not exclusively had the option to secure clients, yet in addition fans and crowds (which is considerably more remarkable). The explanation the JC brand has had the option to do this is a direct result of the experience a client gets while moving into a store or a spring up shop. At the point when a client sees their Johnny Cupcakes shirt they recollect an encounter they had when buying the shirt. I for one have two JC shirts (one was given as a blessing so I don’t have an encounter to connect with that however my folks, who purchased the shirt for me do). I do have a distinctive memory of an encounter I had when buying my first Johnny Cupcakes shirt at a spring up shop on Martha’s Vineyard. There was a line of individuals si tting tight at a little bread kitchen for it to open its entryways. Everybody was uncertain of what the shirts would resemble in light of the fact that the plans had not yet been discharged. Not comprehending what shirts will be sold unquestionably gives a little feeling of energy and shock; and being amped up for a brand goes far with client faithfulness. The holding up fans were given burger joint like menus to perceive what shirts would be accessible. This certainly encapsulates the Johnny Cupcakes culture and experience. When the entryways were available to the bread shop just a couple of individuals were permitted in at once. This likewise gave the impression of selectiveness. The constrained version shirts accessible were all Martha’s Vineyard related. In addition to the fact that mv is a tremendous vacationer area, yet being an inhabitant of the island I had a feeling of pride and having the option to wear something identifying with the island implied something to me, as I am certain it did to other people, regardless of whether they we re occupants or sightseers increasing a one of a kind gift. Subsequent to buying the shirt and leaving the pastry kitchen, I was welcoming outside by Johnny Earle himself who snapped a photo with me, yet in addition marked my shirt. My folks had a comparable encounter, mentioning to me what an important discussion they had with Johnny. Each time I pull out my JC shirt, I recall my novel experience of shirt purchasing. Johnny Cupcakes is a separation system client that sells an encounter, alongside his items. The manner in which the business is run makes fans. JC influences the company’s assets, the client experience, to make fans and an after of the brand. There are a bunch of such steadfast fans that fly out to every one of his discharges to have the option to encounter them and not pass up any item or â€Å"show.† JC, for a littler scope, helps me to remember the religion following of The Grateful Dead. Deadheads realized each show was one of a kind and didn’t need to mis

What Caused the Rise of British Seaside Resorts?

What Caused the Rise of British Seaside Resorts? [1] What were the critical factors in the ascent of British ocean side hotels, for example, Blackpool? Samantha Taylor | Metropolis | 18/07/2017 Substance Presentation 1 1 Late Georgian (1800 1837) 2 1.1 Occasions 2 1.2 Design 3 1.3 Town Growth 4 1.4 Diversion 5 2 Victorian (1837 1901) 7 2.1 Occasions 7 2.2 Town Development 8 2.3 Design 9 2.4 Diversion 10 3 Edwardians (1901 1914) 12 3.1 Design 12 3.2 Town Improvement 13 3.3 Occasion 14 3.4 Ladies Travelers Hoteliers. 16 3.4a The Landlady. 16 3.4b Travel Tips for Women. 16 End 18 Book index 19 The ocean side occasion is an old custom and for some, individuals holds affectionate recollections. Loaded with tangible joys, from the splendid lights of the arcades to the unassuming fish sticks and french fries, the British shoreline occasion is so profoundly instilled in the countries character that the inception appears to be nearly overlooked. From the 1830s until the 1870s the hotel grew greatly, helped by the recently creating railroad. The 1870s to the 1940s turned into the high purpose of the coastline resort time, as it turned out to be increasingly marketed to provide food for all classes, specifically, the common laborers. [2] Visiting the ocean side was more established than the Georgian time frame (1747 1837), be that as it may, these occasions were a privileged undertaking the same number of the common laborers couldn't bear the cost of the movement or go on vacation work. Individuals may feel that the coastline occasion is exclusively a Victorian thought, in any case, because of Parliamentary acts and the creations of both the Victorian and Edwardian age the shoreline resort turns out to be all the more openly available and immediately turned out to be profoundly marketed. Acts, for example, the 1850 Factory Act permitting Saturday evenings off for plant laborers and the 1871 Bank Holidays Act permitting bank staff set days off, spread to other workforces[3] and improved people groups prosperity while it by chance assisted with presenting the trip specialists and Wakes Weeks clubs that gave the premise of occasions in the United Kingdom and to the Continent. This task will take a gander at the four primary components, occasion, style, town, and amusement that were affected and thusly impacted the advancement of the coastline in the late Georgian and Victorian time frame, alongside occasion, design, town, and ladies voyagers and female hoteliers that gave a similar impact in the Edwardian time frame (1800 1914). Occasions Taking to the water was not another idea; the Romans left auxiliary updates in their showers in spots, for example, Bath. The distinction being that the nineteenth century saw an expansion in air contamination from the industrialisation of towns and progressively terrible eating routine that caused sick wellbeing. This made the privileged need a fix all, Scarborough is one of the soonest ocean spas opening in 1625, despite the fact that Brighton got one of the most preferred retreats by the Georgians. [4] In the primary many years of the nineteenth century, specialists, including William Buchan (1803) endorsed ocean washing as a therapeudic, and forced the guidelines encompassing this custom, for example, washing ought to be done in cooler months, and the wrapping of the body in dry, ocean drenched, towels in the wake of swimming, all accepted to expand the medical advantages of the ocean. [5] By 1826 William Scott prompted elective practicing close by swimming during the hotter months, rather than Buchans proposals. [6] The ocean air was valuable too, assisting with drawing out life. Be that as it may, the neighborhood cemeteries of numerous shoreline resorts house the remaining parts of consumptives, as they were probably going to be visitors to the hotel. [7] George IIIs doctor, Doctor Richard Jebb (1729-1787)[8], recommended the Exmouth air was as unadulterated as that on the south bank of France. Aides proposed that the evidence of how helpful the air was, was reflected in how solid local people were. [9] The Napoleonic wars (1799 1815) confined Grand Tours on the Continent, which means numerous Georgians built up an enthusiasm for local the travel industry. In spite of the thoughts of the ocean side occasion as a privileged undertaking, numerous Lancashire common laborers discovered time to visit Blackpool in this period. [10] In spite of the washing machine, created to secure unobtrusiveness, sexual opportunity was investigated at the coastline, as telescopes were known to be utilized by ladies and men to keep an eye on bathers of the other gender. [11] Design Fig.1 Sea Side Bathing Dress[12] Other than the medical advantages, women of standing got the opportunity to show how stylish they were with a reason to wear something novel they tended not wear in London. Mrs Bell of London spent significant time in unordinary washing dresses; these were worn to forestall tanning, as it was remembered it was the ocean air that was helpful for wellbeing, not the sun. [13] Fig.1 is from La Belle Assemblã ©e August 1814; it is difficult to tell whether the women wore the entire dress in the ocean or simply the move. In any case, it very well may be inferred that the wearer went in with simply the move as La Belle Assemblã ©e magazine of the time states, it is made in a structure at no other time presented, that it is similarly elegant and turning out to be; it empowers a woman to dress herself in almost no time without help [14] At the turn of the nineteenth century ladies swam at the edge of the ocean in long-sleeved wool shifts; as the century advanced and washing got pleasurable, the washing dresses got shorter. Contingent upon the design a few years saw the washing dress without its sleeves, in different years the washing dress was portrayed as a sack. Ocean washing additionally represented a test for the women hairdos; female Georgian haircuts were unpredictable and dressed over little pads. [15] In the mid 1800s, most ocean washing resorts had a book or record, where visitors marked on appearance, to make sure about their place in the line for a washing cabin to uncover. Men who got exhausted with standing by frequently sent their footman ahead to locate a detached inlet to wash. [16] Respectable men showed up undaunted by occasion design, not at all like the women who contended with different women with their washing outfits as well as with day and night wear. All around, men took their ordinary dress albeit some capricious guys wore showy proper wear in a night. [17] Town Growth In spite of the fact that the wharf had gotten equivalent with the Victorian age. It, truth be told, was Georgian in beginning; going about as an additional promenade for drifting excursions and turning into a gold dig for the neighborhood pioneering angler. As delivery progressed from sail to steam it drove the dock farther. Scarboroughs Old, Vincents, East and West Pier (second 50% of 1200/1732/1790-1812/1817 separately) is the most punctual assortment of wharfs, a pioneer and encapsulation of English ocean side engineering. [18] Margates dock helped keep and increment the guests from the boats. In 1808 its new wharf had an exhibition charging a penny admission to promenade; in 1812 this prompted shows and the fee collection counter laborers verged on being tossed into the ocean. [19] Toward the beginning of the coastline resort, numerous facilities needed to adjust existing lodging and by 1818 this had formed into the type of inns we currently know today. Consistently, the two principle facilities gave were the boarding and housing houses. In some cases these would in general be difficult to separate between; be that as it may, providing food was just accessible in the lodging. The better facilities recorded themselves in manuals to empower reservations to be made ahead of time. [20] Toward the start of the century men would in general run the foundations, notwithstanding, numerous visitors accompanied no workers and anticipated nourishment. This brought about ladies taking up the job of front of house and servant towards the century's end. [21] Blackpool had a dark source with no port or set up overwhelming industry, the structures, unimportant dissipated homesteads and fishermans cabins. Blackpool was viewed as dreadfully remote to be of any chronicled centrality, so had nothing to play to further its potential benefit. As Blackpool changed into a town at the turn of the nineteenth century, it housed the fundamental courtesies that simply fulfilled the necessities of its southern visitors while simultaneously being an extravagance to its northern customers. Contrasted with Brighton, Blackpool was a tenderfoot and delayed in creating. [22] Diversion Well off Georgians requested a scope of amusement while visiting the hotel; adequate diversion to equal the spa towns. Numerous visitors fell into a routine revolved transcendently around the sea shore, Assembly Rooms and Circle Libraries. [23] Regattas and paddling races along the coastline turned into a built up apparatus in the schedule for resort visitors. Starcross in South Devon held its first traveler regatta in 1775 and still endures today in Cowes week on the Isle of Wight. [24] Around the 1820s the Assembly Rooms gave spots to betting and mingling. A Master of Ceremonies controlled these exercises to help force a feeling of behavior. Numerous Assembly Rooms imparted a Master of Ceremonies to neighboring lobbies. By the 1830s, the Assembly Rooms lost their fame, as the shoreline customer base turned into a blend of social classes. [25] The Circular Library was another enhancement framing the social heart of the Georgian ocean side; frequently going up against, or working with the Assembly Rooms. In any case, the library was fundamentally used to credit books for a 5-shillings membership. Prominence for the Circular Libraries outlasted the Assembly Rooms by 10 years. [26] Unsophisticated diversion was additionally given, for example, sack races and pursuing a pig with a soaped tail. [27] Hunting and shooting were an incredible fascination for the Georgian courteous fellow, the fundamental shooting action accessible at the ocean side was shooting untamed life from a vessel. This, in contrast to chasing ashore, required no consent from the landowner. To give more assortment to a women day, cricket matches were additionally put on as this action was superbly respecta

Scientific Literature Review Plan for Food and Nutrition - 275 Words

Scientific Literature Review Plan for Food and Nutrition Paper (Term Paper Sample) Content: InstitutionNutrition Assignment OutlineByNameDateTutorCourse NumberTITLE: FOOD AND NUTRITIONINTRODUCTIONThis part shall introduce the topic nutrition. * Definition of nutrition- what is nutrition? How is it a determinant of health behavior? What is the difference between nutrition and dietetics? Who is involved in nutrition? * What is the influence of nutrition on individuals? The advantages of nutrition and the disorders that come with malnutrition, for instance, obesity. * Definition of nutrients and a brief description of the major nutrients * Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. A brief description of how people understand nutrition.BODYThis section shall describe some concepts that are related to food and nutrition.SECTION 1: GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS * Definition of genetically modified foods. A brief description of the modification process. Which foods are modified? * The influence of genetically modified foods. What is the difference between them and foods that are not genetically modified? What are their advantages and disadvantages? * Health and safety. How safe are these foods? How are they tested? Are the available regulations adequate? * The future of GM foods. What are the controversies of this foods? Will they be present in the future?SECTION 2: MOLECULAR GASTRONOMY * Definition of gastronomy. Definition of molecular gastronomy. What are the objectives of molecular gastronomy? * Types of molecular gastronomy. A brief description of the different variations of molecular gastronomy. * Potential of molecular gastronomy. How enormous is its potential? What type of individuals enjoy molecular gastronomy? * Health and safety. How safe is it? How differentiates it with normal gastronomy? What is the difference in the views of various authors?SECTION 3: NUTRIGENOMICS * Definition and a brief description of nutrigenomics. What led to the emergence of the branch? * Objectives of nutrigenomics. What is the rationale of nutrigenomics? What a...

Divine Chocolate Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2997 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? I. Introduction At the request of the Board of Directors, this presentation will examine the â€Å"social enterprise† organisation from several perspectives. First, the social enterprise form of organisation will be defined, with a focus on the social enterprise sector in the UK, and other data specific to social enterprise organisations operating in the UK. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Divine Chocolate Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order A description of the social enterprises currently operating in the UK will be presented. The presentation will then discuss the concept of â€Å"social firms† and how they fit in to the business environment of social enterprises previously examined. This will be followed by a discussion of several aspects of our social enterprise, the Day Chocolate Company (Divine Chocolate), beginning with its origins and mission, and concluding with recommendations on how our social enterprise can formulate an effective long-term strategy for success. II. What is Social Enterprise? A social enterprise can be defined as an organisation that is driven by motives that are not exclusive to earning a profit from its operations (Pepin, 2010). As of 2010 there were at least 62,000 organisations that could be defined, to some extent as social enterprises operating within the UK (Pepin, 2010). The aggregate turnover generated by these social enterprises exceeded  £32 billion per year (Pepin, 2010). The additional, non-profit measures that social enterprises are measured by include various social, cultural, environmental, and other measures (Fichtl, 2007). For social enterprises, these additional non-profit measures can be viewed as being of greater significance to the organisation than the profit motive, given that social enterprises are more likely to direct surpluses generated via operations to meet certain social objectives, as compared to utilising such surpluses to increase shareholder wealth through activities such as dividend payments (Berardi, 2013). Social enterprises operate in several sectors of the economy, but are most numerous in the training, housing, education, and retail/wholesale sectors (Berardi, 2013). The main source of income for social enterprises is the general public, which accounts for 37% of income generated by social enterprises in the UK (Berardi, 2013). The public and private sectors contribute 18% and 13% respectively, and grants and donations contribute 14% to the income generated by social enterprises in the UK (Berardi, 2013). III. What do Social Enterprises do? Social enterprises are established in order to address certain environmental and/or social needs through the operation of their business (Berardi, 2013). The most frequent objective of social enterprises in the UK is to improve a particular community, with a quarter of all social enterprises falling in this category (Berardi, 2013). Another frequently occurring objective of social enterprises, accounting of 24% of social enterprises in the UK, is the goal of addressing social exclusion in society in general, a community in particular, and/or a sector of the economy specifically (Berardi, 2013). Additional goals common in many social enterprises are the goals of improving the health and wellbeing of a community, and helping protect the environment (Berardi, 2013). Social enterprises need not devote all of their resources to address one particular objective (Berardi, 2013). Some social enterprises attempt to achieve several goals, which in addition to those already described ab ove, including goals such as promoting literacy, supporting vulnerable individuals in society, assisting in providing affordable housing, and helping to increase employment (Berardi, 2013). IV. Are any Social Enterprises Successful? There are many successful social enterprises operating in the UK (RBS, 2013). One such successful enterprise is the Green Machine organisation (RBS, 2013). Green Machine reuses paint supplies in an effort to address the estimated 56 million litres of paint wasted each year in the UK (The Green Machine, 2014). The Green Machines labour force consists of 40% of individuals who can be categorised as disabled or disadvantaged, thus demonstrating a social enterprise attempting to address more than one social and/or environmental goal (The Green Machine, 2014). A social firm is a type of social enterprise that attempts to create quality jobs for individuals who are disadvantaged in the labour market (Social Firms UK, n.d.). The criteria required in order for an organisation to be considered a social firm is as follows: 1) â€Å"Social Firms are businesses that combine a market orientation and a social mission† ; 2) â€Å"More than 25% of employees will be disadvantaged pe ople† ; and 3) â€Å"Social Firms are committed to the social and economic integration of disadvantaged people through employment† (Social Firms UK, n.d.). Thus, the Green Machine organisation, in addition to being a social enterprise, can also be considered a social firm, given its commitment to finding employment for disabled and disadvantaged individuals (The Green Machine, 2014). V. What kind of Social Enterprise is Day Chocolate Company (Divine Chocolate)? As discussed above, social enterprises do not necessarily conform to any one particular type. (Berardi, 2013). The Day Chocolate Company is partly owned by the farmers who supply the cocoa used in the production of Day Chocolate Companys chocolate products (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The cocoa farmers are located in Ghana, West Africa, and own 45% of Day Chocolate Companys shares (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The cocoa farmers are organised as a co-operative called Kuapa Kokoo, made up of 45,000 members across 1,000 villages in Ghana, West Africa (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). The chocolate is purchased from the farmers on a fair trade basis, in order to achieve better trade conditions for the farmers and promote the sustainable farming of cocoa in Ghana, West Africa (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). Thus, Day Chocolate Company can be viewed as a social enterprise of the type that attempts to improve a particular community and by creating employment opportunities (Berardi, 2013). Secondary effects of these goals, such as promoting education and literacy are also achieved (Divine Chocolate, n.d.). When establishing a social enterprise in the UK, the organisation must be established as one of the following business structures: limited company; charity; charitable incorporated organisation; co-operative; industrial and provident society; community interest company; sole trader; or business partnership (Gov.UK, 2013). There are benefits and drawbacks to each of the aforementioned business structures, and an organisation will choose which of the business structures is most appropriate in its particular circumstance. VI. Motivations and Expectations of the Day Chocolate Company (Divine Chocolate) In the early part of the 1990s the cocoa production in Ghana was privatised, and the government of Ghana controlled the export of cocoa out of the country (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). However, when state support of the cocoa industry in Ghana collapsed the livelihoods of thousands of cocoa farmers in Ghana were put at risk (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). It was at this time that the idea for the Day Chocolate Company was created (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The mission of the Day Chocolate Company is to improve the livelihoods of cocoa farmers in West Africa by putting them higher up the value chain (Divine Chocolate, 2012). Day Chocolate Company attempts to achieve this objective by sourcing the cocoa necessary in the production of its chocolate goods from the farmers of Ghana, West Africa according to fair trade standards (Divine Chocolate, 2012). Rather than being motivated by a goal of increasing shareholder wealth, the Day Chocolate Company emphasises a si gnificant return of its profits from the sales of chocolate, in markets where such products are in high demand, in particular the UK and America, back to the cocoa farmers in Ghana, West Africa (Divine Chocolate, 2012). The Day Chocolate Company was encouraged by the success of fair trade marked organisations such as the coffee company Cafedirect (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). Cafedirect began in 1993, and by 2005 had succeeded in becoming the 6th largest coffee company in the UK (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). The success of Cafedirect had a direct impact on the livelihoods of coffee farmers in Latin America, Africa, and Asia (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). VII. The Day Chocolate Company (Divine Chocolate) Organisation The Day Chocolate Company was established in the UK in 1998 as a private company limited by shares (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005; Usa, n.d.). When it was established in 1998, Day Chocolate Companys shares were owned by the fair trade organisation Twin Trading (52%), the cosmetics company The Body Shop (12%), and the Ghana cocoa farmer co-operative Kuapa Kokoo (33%) (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The cocoa farmers share was financed by a  £400,000 loan from the Department for International Trade Development (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). In 2006 the Body Shop decided to donate its shares in the Day Chocolate Company to the Kuapa Kokoo co-operative (Divine Chocolate, 2011). In January 2007 Day Chocolate Company changed its name to Divine Chocolate Ltd in order to â€Å"more closely align the company with [its] flagship brand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Divine Chocolate, 2011, p. 1). Day Chocolate Company has a significant presence in several countries, most notably in the UK, C anada, and the United States (Divine Chocolate, 2012). In the UK, supermarkets Waltrose and Sainsburys expanded their Day Chocolate Company offerings in 2012, and there is now a Day Chocolate Company 45 gram chocolate bar onboard Virgin Airlines flights (Divine Chocolate, 2012). As a result of the â€Å"demise† of the companys Irish distributor, availability of the products in the Irish market decreased (Divine Chocolate, 2012). However, exports to Scandinavian countries, including Sweden and Norway increased, which served to partially offset the decline in the Irish market for the companys products (Divine Chocolate, 2012). VIII. Day Chocolate Companys (Divine Chocolates) Business Activity Between the years 1998 and 1999 the Day Chocolate Company recorded sales of  £103,500 (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). By 2004 its annual sales had grown to  £5.5 million (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). For the most recent year with available financial data, the year ended 30 September 2012, the companys sales stood at  £7.5 million (Divine Chocolate, 2012). However, between the years 2011 and 2012 the Day Chocolate Companys profit on ordinary activities after taxation declined significantly, from  £59,000 in 2011 down to  £27,000 in 2012 (Divine Chocolate, 2012). The decline in profit between 2011 and 2012 was attributed primarily to an increase in administrative expenses (Divine Chocolate, 2012). The cocoa farmed by the Kuapa Kokoo co-operative is shipped to Germany, where an independent chocolate manufacturer combines the cocoa and other ingredients into an edible chocolate product (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The German facility ships the chocolate to a war ehouse in Hull, from where it is distributed to wholesalers and the retailers (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). IX. Profits/Surpluses at Day Chocolate Company (Divine Chocolate) The Day Chocolate Company has used profits from its operations to expand within the UK and beyond its core UK market, in particular the United States (Divine Chocolate, 2012). The Day Chocolate Company has also remained true to its core mission, in that it has continued to utilise profits from its operations to improve the lives of the cocoa farmers of the Kuapa Kokoo co-operative in Ghana (Divine Chocolate, 2012). However, the benefits derived from the profits generated by the Day Chocolate Company are not limited to the cocoa farmers (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). According to Doherty and Tranchell (2005), over 100,000 Ghanaians living in communities with Kuapa Kokoo societies have benefited from necessities such as medical care and medications. Several schools have been constructed, and each school serves an area covering a 4 km radius (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). The fair trade agreement premiums that accumulated through the year 2005 were sufficient to cover the school ing costs of an estimated 250,000 Ghanaians for an entire school year (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). A leading cause of death in many parts of Africa, water borne disease, has been reduced significantly, in significant part due to the increased availability of clean water supplies (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). X. Strategy of Day Chocolate Company (Divine Chocolate) An important aspect of the Day Chocolate Companys strategy has been its concerted effort to convey to the chocolate consumer market the level of misfortune that has plagued the lives of many of the farmers responsible for the cocoa used in the manufacture of all varieties of chocolate products (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). Through its website, and through its direct encounters with supermarkets and other potential sellers of its products, the Day Chocolate Company has attempted to show that society can help change the lives of the Ghanaians for the better by purchasing their product (Golding, 2006; Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The Day Chocolate Company has also enlisted the help of organisations such as Christian Aid, in efforts to bring their products to the shelves of an increasing number of outlets (Turner, 2013). For instance, Christian Aid ran a campaign called, â€Å"Stock the Choc,† in an effort to have the Day Chocolate Companys products carried at Te sco (Christian Aid, 2009). A similar campaign by Christian Aid succeeded in getting Sainsbury to carry the Day Chocolate Companys products in its many stores across the UK (Lamb, 2008). The Day Chocolate Company recognises that appealing to consumers based on its mission alone will not be sufficient so sustain its organisation (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The emphasis on the quality of the product itself can also be seen at the level of the Ghanaian cocoa farmers (and co-owners) themselves, as demonstrated by one farmers statement in 2008, that â€Å"we [the Kuapa Kokoo co-operative] want people to feel good about our chocolate, not guilty about the poor farmer in the Third World† (Vidal, 1999). XI. Challenges of the Day Chocolate Company (Divine Chocolate) The most significant hurdle for a company such as Day Chocolate Company has been establishing itself in the market. When it first entered the market in the late 1990s, the UK chocolate market was dominated by the companies Cadbury, Nestle, Masterfoods, and Kraft Jacob Suchard (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington, 2005). The â€Å"highly competitive† UK confectionary market did not experience any significant changes in the handful of years subsequent to the entry of the Day Chocolate Company either (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington, 2005, p. 757). The difficulty in making an impact in the market can further be seen by comparing the sales teams at the UK confectionary leader, Cadbury, and the Day Chocolate Company (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). Whereas Cadbury has approximately 150 members on its sales team, the Day Chocolate Company has but three (Social Enterprise Academy, n.d.). The economies of scale of the larger firms are formidable (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005) . For instance, in the late 1990s Nestle UK expended  £9 million on the promotion of a single product within its vast portfolio, the Kit Kat Chunky (Doherty and Tranchell, 2005). Other challenges that the Day Chocolate Company must confront are not unique to the organisation. Most significantly, macroeconomic factors, such as a stagnant economy may impact demand, leading to another decline in sales, such as that experienced for the year ended 30 September 2012 (Divine Chocolate, 2012). In addition, an increasing number of retailers are beginning to compete in the fair trade chocolate market, which may have an impact on the Day Chocolate Companys market share of what is already a small segment of the total chocolate market (Reed, 2009; McGrath, 2012). XII. Recommendations and Conclusion The Day Chocolate Company has succeeded in carving out a niche for itself in the chocolate market. However, it must continue to expand into new markets, given that other organisations, including some of the large chocolate companies are beginning to compete in the fair trade chocolate market. The company should seek to leverage its experience in the fair trade chocolate market as best it can. The company may need to divert a greater amount of its profits to this growth strategy, and this may impact the amount that it uses in meeting its mission of improving the livelihood of the cocoa farmers in Ghana. Although the company may temporarily fall short of this mission, at least it will provide an opportunity to create a more stable and potentially long-lived social enterprise. REFERENCES Berardi, A. (2013) What does social enterprise offer the third sector in the UK, and how can academic research contribute to the emergence of social enterprise within the research context? Accessed on 5 May 2014 from: https://www.sosyalinovasyonmerkezi.com.tr/yayin/2020130001.pdf. Christian Aid (2009) Stock the Choc. Accessed on 8 May 2014 from: https://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/stock-the-choc-postcard.pdf. Divine Chocolate (n.d.) Education Matters. Accessed on 6 May 2014 from: https://www.divinechocolate.com/us/good-stuff/news/2013/4/education-matters . Divine Chocolate (2011) Divine Story. Accessed on 7 May 2014 from: https://www.divinechocolate.com/us/about-us/divine-story. Divine Chocolate (2012) Annual Report 2011-2012. Accessed on 6 May 2014 from: https://www.divinechocolate.com/uk/sites/default/files/img/pages.pdf. Doherty, B. and Tranchell, S. (2005) New Thinking In International Trade? A Case Study Of The Day Chocolate Company. Sustainable Development, 13(3), pp. 166-176. Fichtl, E. (2007) The Fair Trade Movement in Historical Perspective. Accessed on 6 May 2014 from: https://www.ericfichtl.org/images/uploads/Fichtl_FairTradeMovementHistoricalPerspective.pdf. Golding, K. (2006) The Challenges of Mainstreaming Fair Trade: A Case Study of the Day Chocolate Company. Accessed on 7 May 2014 from: https://www.crsdd.uqam.ca/Pages/docs/pdfColloques/colloque_international/Seance_1/GOLDING%202006.pdf. Gov.UK (2013) Setting up a social enterprise. Accessed on 5 May 2014 from: https://www.gov.uk/set-up-a-social-enterprise. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. Prentice Hall: Saddle River, NJ. Lamb, H. (2008) Fighting the Banana Wars and Other Fairtrade Battles. Random House: New York. McGrath, C. (2012) Why Kraft Foods Cares About Fair Trade Chocolate. Accessed on 8 May 2014 from: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/why-kraft-foods-cares-about-fair-trade-chocolate/ . Pepin, J. (2010) Social Enterprise and The Social Investment Market in the UK. JPA Europe. Accessed on 5 May 2014 from: https://evpa.eu.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Social-Enterprise-and-the-Social-Investment-Market-in-the-UK-An-Initial-Overview.pdf . RBS (2013) Shortlist for RBS SE100 2013 awards announced! Accessed on 6 May 2014 from: https://se100.net/news/shortlist-rbs-se100-2013-awards-announced. Reed, D. (2009) What do Corporations have to do with Fair Trade? Positive and Normative Analysis from a Value Chain Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(1), pp. 3-26. Social Enterprise Academy (n.d.) Divine Chocolate Case Study. Accessed on 7 May 2014 from: https://www.theacademy-ssea.org/assets/0000/2881/Divine_Chocolate_Case_Study.pdf Social Firms UK (n.d.) What is a Social Firm? Accessed on 6 May 2014 from: https://www.socialfirmsuk.co.uk/about-social-firms/what-social-firm The Green Machine (2014) Green Machine (enterprise) CIC reusing paint sup plies in Bracknell. Accessed on 7 May 2014 from: https://www.greenmachinecommunityrepaint.co.uk/ Turner, S. (2013) A fairer chocolate. Accessed on 8 May 2014 from: https://www.christiantoday.com/article/a.fairer.chocolate/31748.htm. Usa, I. (n.d.) UK Starting Business (Incorporating) in the UK Guide Volume 1 Strategic, Practical Information and Basic Regulations. International Business Publications: Washington D.C. Vidal, J. (1999) If you eat chocolate then you can make a difference. The Guardian 6 December 1999. Accessed on 8 May 2014 from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/dec/07/christmasappeal2006.johnvidal.

Essay about The Representation of Power in Cormiers The...

Inspired by the actions of his son, Robert Cormier decided to write this novel titled The Chocolate War. Cormier’s son Peter, had refused to sell chocolates at his school’s annual sale as a matter of principle (Kemp1), so Cormier thought that it would be an interesting plot for a book. In this book, Robert Cormier introduces us to many characters that personify evil in order to try to control and manipulate each other to gain power. The concept of power is represented in many different ways throughout this novel. In this paper I will explain how power is represented in The Chocolate War, and how it works. I will explain the different kinds of power that operate in the school. Also I will explain whether the protagonist Jerry Renault†¦show more content†¦In chapter 3 we are reminded that The Chocolate War is also a coming of age novel. When Jerry looks at the pornographic magazine, he is now beginning to want to know and understand the processes of adolesce nt and adulthood. So he buys a magazine with the curiosity of what kind of satisfaction the other kids were receiving by glaring at the images in the magazines. He is in that stage of wanting to be accepted. Cormier made Jerry’s character out to be an outcast, being the one that would always get beaten up by the bully. Which proved to be correct when Emile Janza, the school’s bully begins to pick on him. Although Emile was the school’s bully he too, respected the Vigils to a certain extent. Archie was also a bully, but he bullied the minds of the other kids. He did not resort to physical abuse but he indeed psychologically bullied people including Emile Janza. Fear also played a factor throughout this story. Fear is what made the Goober go into Brother Eugene’s room and loosen all of the screws from the furniture. This brings us back to the psychological bullying of Archie, because the Goober was mentally sick when he found out that the actions of his assignment had made Brother Eugene sick. The other students were also frightened by the Vigils so they to carried out any assignments that they were given. This story is written with a lot of hidden symbols and meanings within the events that occur. Jerry also feared the Vigils at first but as the story

The Oil Curse free essay sample

This is hypothesized to happen for many different reasons, including a decline in the competitiveness of other economic sectors (caused by appreciation of the  real exchange rate  as resource revenues enter an economy), volatility of revenues from the natural resource sector due to exposure to global commodity market swings, government mismanagement of resources, or weak, ineffectual, unstable or corrupt institutions (possibly due to the easily diverted actual or anticipated revenue stream from extractive activities). Why was the World Bank’s participation in the Chad-Cameroon pipeline critical? While the Bank’s share of the $4. 1billion was small, almost 10%, its participation in the deal was critical. Because the World Bank had other loans to Chad, Exxon Mobile and the other oil companies believed that the World Bank’s participation would lower their political risks, for Chad would be unlikely to jeopardize its relationship with the World Bank. 3- Does the World Bank have a right to demand that sovereign countries like Chad spend their oil revenues in ways the World Bank deems appropriate? Transparency International a nongovernmental organization that annually conducts surveys of corruption ranks Chad’s government as one of the most corrupt in Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on The Oil Curse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Facilitating corruption was the lack of accountability and transparency in the use of oil revenues by many governments. And the revenues generated by the pipeline would provide sufficient temptation: Over its estimated 25-year life, the project is expected to yield $2 billion for Chad and $500 million for Cameroon. Given these circumstances, the World Bank has the right to demand Chad’s government assurances that the revenues from the oil field would be devoted to alleviating the country’s poverty. So to gain the World Bank’s approval for the loan, Chad agreed to enact the Petroleum Revenue Management Law. 4- If the World Bank and Chad’s government fail to settle their dispute over amendments to the Petroleum Revenue Management Law, What should the consortium do? Should they make funds available to Chad’s government in defiance of the World Bank’s wishes? Chad’s government began to suffer budget difficulties. In December 2005 Chad’s National Assembly voted to amend the petroleum Revenue Management Law. The new amendments abolished special fund that would preserve oil revenues for the benefit of future generations. In addition, the legislation doubled the percentage of oil revenues that the country could spend without outside oversight to 30 percent. the World Bank acted swiftly in response to this legislation, which it viewed as abandoning Chad’s obligations under the agreement. In January 2006, it suspended all new grants and loans to Chad and cut off additional disbursements under existing projects with Chad. The World Bank’s action affected some 124$ million in undisbursed fund in eight bank-funded projects with Chad. The Exxon-led consortium was now caught in the middle. It decided to withhold all revenues until the dispute between the World Bank and Chad’s government was resolved. However, President Deby announced that if the consortium failed to deliver the funds to Chad’s government, he would demand that oil production cease in Doba. Ultimately, the consortium could lose it rights to operate in the country. However, if the consortium delivered the funds to Deby government, it faced the wrath of the World Bank and various activist groups like transparency international. Given these circumstances, and in my opinion Exxon-led consortium should mediate between Chad’s government and the World Bank to settle the dispute in order not to lose its rights to operate in the country and not to face the wrath of the World Bank. Subsequent to the signing of the pipeline agreement, world oil prices have increased substantially. Given the abject poverty of Chad, should the oil companies offer to increase the royalties paid to chad’s government once its dispute with the World Bank is settled? Royalties/Royalty Oil refer to The government’s percentage of proceeds from oil Production, these will vary from country to country. Chad’s Government receives, in cash, 12. 5 percent of the sale price of oil pro duced From the Doba ? lds, after transportation costs and a quality discount have been deducted. In some cases, royalties are a percentage of production that is then sold by the government. Royalties can be charged on gross production without regard To the pro? tability of the operation. So it is unlikely that the oil companies will offer to increase the royalties paid to Chad’s government unless this increase in payments will be sort of pressure on the Chad’s government to settle its dispute with the World Bank.